Glossary of terms used on this site

Naltrexone Hydrochloride Tablets USP, an opioid antagonist, are a synthetic congener of oxymorphone with no opioid agonist properties. Naltrexone differs in structure from oxymorphone in that the methyl group on the nitrogen atom is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group.

When used as a treatment for alcohol dependency, naltrexone blocks the euphoric effects and feelings of intoxication. This allows people with alcohol addiction to reduce their drinking behaviors enough to remain motivated to stay in treatment and avoid relapses. Naltrexone is not addictive nor does it react adversely with alcohol.

Long-term naltrexone therapy extending beyond three months is considered most effective by researchers, and therapy may also be used indefinitely. Learn more about alcohol use disorders.

A more or less coherent self (or self-image) that is constituted with a past  and a future in the various stories that we and others tell about ourselves.  Non-conceptual first-person content: The content of a primitive self-consciousness  that is not informed by conceptual thought. For example, the ecological content of  perception that specifies one’s own embodied position in the environment.  Sense of agency: The sense that I am the one who is causing or generating an action.  For example, the sense that I am the one who is causing something to move, or that I am  the one who is generating a certain thought in my stream of consciousness.  Sense of ownership: The sense that I am the one who is undergoing an experience. For  example, the sense that my body is moving regardless of whether the movement is voluntary  or involuntary.

:  plasticity 4 <… neuroplasticity, the capacity of the brain to develop and change throughout life, something Western science once thought impossible.—Time, 8 May 2006

Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system.[1] Traditionally, neuroscience is recognized as a branch of biology. However, it is currently an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with other fields such as chemistry, cognitive science, computer science, engineering, linguistics, mathematics, medicine (including neurology), genetics, and allied disciplines including philosophy, physics, and psychology. It also exerts influence on other fields, such as neuroeducation,[2] neuroethics, and neurolaw. The term neurobiology is often used interchangeably with the term neuroscience, although the former refers specifically to the biology of the nervous system, whereas the latter refers to the entire science of the nervous system, including elements of psychology as well as the purely physical sciences.

Neurotransmitters, also known as special messengers, are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission. They transmit signals across a chemical synapse, such as a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron (nerve cell) to another "target" neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.[1] Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft, where they are received by receptors on the target cells. Many neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple and plentiful precursors such as amino acids, which are readily available from the diet and only require a small number of biosynthetic steps for conversion

:   a catecholamine C ₈ H ₁₁ NO ₃ that is the chemical means of transmission across synapses in postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system and in some parts of the central nervous system, is a vasopressor hormone of the adrenal medulla, and is a precursor of epinephrine in its major biosynthetic pathway—called also arterenol, noradrenalin